Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics

Barbaros Atmaca Mehmet Emin Arslan Mehmet Emiroğlu Ahmet Can Altunışık Süleyman Adanur Aydın Demir Murat Günaydın Osman Kırtel Tuba Tatar Volkan Kahya Fezayil Sunca Fatih Yesevi Okur Kemal Hacıefendioğlu Gökhan Dok Hakan Öztürk İsa Vural Osman Güleş Ali Fuat Genç Eren Demirkaya Muhammet Yurdakul Murat Nas Yunus Emrahan Akbulut Alihan Baltacı Bayram Ali Temel Hasan Basri Başağa Ali Sarıbıyık Furkan Şen Batuhan Aykanat İrfan Şehrullah Öztürk Muhammet Burhan Navdar Ferhat Aydın Kurban Öntürk Murat Utkucu Tahir Akgül

Two major earthquakes occurred on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Line (EAF) on February 6, 2023, with an interval of nine hours. These earthquakes, measuring Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6, were centered in the districts of Pazarcık and Elbistan in the province of Kahramanmaraş. They directly affected 11 provinces (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Adıyaman, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Adana, Kilis, and Elazığ) in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, caused significant loss of life and property. This study aims to present the field investigation and performance evaluation of engineering structures in the mentioned cities. The types of damages occurring in the reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry buildings, historical and industrial structures, bridges, and mosques were given in detail. According to the data of the Ministry of Treasury and Finance of Türkiye, it has been reported that the cost of these earthquakes is approximately 103.6 billion dollars, which corresponds to nine percent of Türkiye's national income expectation for 2023 and causes damage and losses of approximately six times more than the 1999 Marmara earthquake. In the areas affected by earthquakes, many of the errors determined by professionals from previous earthquakes still exist today.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02098116

Meryem Karakurt Korhan Ozgan

Structures can be exposed to non-linear deformations under earthquake effects. However, linear methods are mostly preferred for designs because of their simplicity and facility. The inelastic behavior of the structure is approximately taken into account by using some coefficients. However, it is possible to make more realistic and economical designs by using methods that consider the inelastic behavior of the structure. In this context, the displacement-based design method is becoming increasingly popular. This study evaluates the seismic performance of steel frames resting on elastic foundations with different beam-column joint stiffnesses using the static pushover analysis method. Static pushover curves, plastic deformations, performance points, and base shear forces were compared. The results show that the base condition greatly affects the seismic performance of the building.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02117128

Şule Yılmaz Erten

The masonry construction system consists of stone, brick, and mortar, in which the wall element acts as the vertical load load-bearing and generally allows low-rise buildings. The buildings built with this system are mostly seen in rural areas today, but also in traditional and historical textures in city centers. Stone, brick, mortar, etc. used in the masonry construction system. The materials are materials with a low stretching rate but are resistant to pressure. In this case, against the driving force of a possible horizontal load source, the bearing walls will inevitably be damaged because they do not allow sufficient oscillation. In Türkiye, earthquake-resistant building design principles and calculation methods related to the behavior of masonry structures against earthquakes are guiding at this point. Inspecting the masonry structures planned and built in the past in terms of compliance with today's conditions and regulations is important for the sustainability of the structure. Making a building that has a negative profile in terms of compliance with the masonry construction rules is important for both the structure and the health of the user. In this study, the compliance of the load-bearing walls in the architectural design of the old Harbiye Barracks building, which is currently used by the Faculty of Architecture of Trakya University, to the rules regarding the wall design in the current regulation, Türkiye Building Earthquake Code 2018, is investigated. As a result of the study, it was seen that the building showed different suitability in different blocks. While the occupancy-to-space ratio of the b block on the bearing wall is better, it has been determined that the block does not fully comply with the rules.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02129139

Arda Uzunömeroğlu İlker Bekir Topçu

One of the greatest issues in today's world is the elimination of industrial disposal materials. To solve this problem, recycling waste has become a necessity in many countries according to regulations. Induction furnaces are systems where the heat is generated by induced currents by the electromagnetic field. Every production cycle, the system generates 15% of by-products as slag. In the present study, induction furnace steel slags are replaced with coarse aggregate at the ratios of 0, 50, and 100% in concrete samples with 150×150×150 mm size. The Los Angeles abrasion test, compressive strength test, and density calculations were made. Samples were also subjected to electronic and optical systems such as SEM, EDX, and XRD to determine the surface and microanalysis. This experimental study shows that utilizing induction furnace steel slag increased the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. The addition of these slags in concrete will allow the efficient usage of natural resources as well as the production of economical concrete. Due to their composition, the slags have high abrasion resistance and density compared to ordinary aggregates. For this reason, increasing the ratio of steel slags in concrete may result in the formation of heavy concrete.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02140156

Ahmet Can Altunışık Fezayil Sunca Mustafa Yılmaz

In this study, engineering software for the calculations of the strengthening applications of reinforced concrete (RC) load-bearing elements with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite materials is developed. This software is developed to increase the axial compression strength and ductility capacity of columns and improve the shear capacity of beams using FRP material according to provisions of the Turkısh Building Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018). In addition, this software offers designers the opportunity to perform calculations to increase the bending moment capacity of beams using FRP composite material, according to the American Concrete Institute 440-2R.17 (ACI 440-2R.17). Algorithms to be used to increase the capacities of RC load-bearing elements with FRP composite materials are formed according to the provisions of the mentioned codes. Then, computer and web-based engineering software with different coding languages are developed depending on these algorithms.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02157166

Muzi Zhao Dawn Lehman Xin Zhang Charles Roeder

The accuracy of the shear resistance design equation for concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) is crucial to ensure the safety of CFST structures. However, the current design equations underestimate the test data, and cannot accurately predict the relative shear resistance of the steel and concrete fill. To solve this problem, this paper developed an advanced finite element model in the LS-Dyna program, which was validated using experimental results of CFST members failing in shear. A systematic parametric study was then conducted. The result showed that the contribution of the steel increased significantly with the strain-hardening ratio (F_u/F_y) while the contribution of concrete fill was greatly influenced by the internally reinforced ratio (ρ_int) and axial load level (P/P_0). These predictions were combined with the experimental results to develop a more accurate and reliable design expression for the shear strength of circular CFSTs.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02167194

İbrahim Emrah Katmer Tuğçe Sevil Yaman

People have built structures to survive and to meet their shelter needs. While buildings had progressed horizontally at first, the increase in population and shrinkage of spaces over time led the construction industry to build multi-story buildings. In the research, the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2007 (TBEC-2007) and the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018) were extensively examined and an 8-story steel business center building having high ductility levels in both directions and consisting of concentrically braced steel frames was designed according to the two earthquake codes. The Equivalent Static Method was utilized while designing according to the codes. For structural elements’ dimensioning, the Regulation on Design, Calculation, and Construction Principles of Steel Structures principles were followed and the Load and Resistance Factor Design Method was utilized. After performing the analyses of the building according to both earthquake codes, the effects of the code differences on the system periods, earthquake loads, lateral displacements, the story drifts, second-order effects, A1 type torsional irregularities, B2 type stiffness irregularities, and dimensioning of the elements were evaluated in detail. It was observed that in TBEC-2018 compared to TBEC-2007, the structure’s coordinates are determined more specifically while identifying the earthquake load, more sensitive soil options are presented, separate calculations according to building height are performed, and base shear forces are smaller. Moreover, it was deduced that there was no significant variance between the codes in terms of calculations of building importance coefficient, natural vibration period, story drifts, and irregularities.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2023.02195223