Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics

Barbaros Atmaca Serhat Demir Murat Günaydın Ahmet Can Altunışık Metin Hüsem Şevket Ateş Süleyman Adanur Zekai Angın

In the last 30 years, about twenty earthquakes, which were greater than magnitude M=6.0, occurred in different parts of Turkey especially close to fault lines. These earthquakes caused many buildings to be destroyed or heavily damaged, and the loss of many people’s lives. The painful lessons learned after the earthquakes resulted to the revision or change of the current earthquake codes used in Turkey for this period. Considering the fault characteristics in Turkey, it is expected to be major earthquakes in the coming years. Lessons learned from the past earthquakes will be very important in reducing the damages that will occur in future earthquakes. When looking into the building stock in Turkey, it is observed that a large part of the housing stock consisting of reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. This paper aims to outline the performance of masonry and RC buildings during the six major catastrophic earthquakes occurred between 1992 and 2020 in various regions of Turkey. Also, a short summary is given about the development of the earthquake codes used in Turkey between 1940 and 2018. The selected six hazardous earthquakes that occurred on the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and East Anatolian Fault (EAF) are 13 March 1992 Erzincan, 27 June 1998 Adana-Ceyhan, 17 August 1999 Kocaeli, 1 May 2003 Bingöl, 23 October 2011 Van and 24 January 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquakes. At the end of the study, the types of damage occurring in the masonry and RC buildings were given in detail according to years, and the relationship between the changes that occurred in the earthquake codes over time was presented. When looking into the building stock in Turkey, it is observed that a large part of the housing stock consisting of reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. This paper aims to outline the performance of masonry and RC buildings during the five major catastrophic earthquakes occurred between 1992 and 2020 in various regions of Turkey. Also, a short summary is given about the development of the earthquake codes used in Turkey between 1940 and 2018. The selected five hazardous earthquakes that occurred on the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and East Anatolian Fault (EAF) are 13 March 1992 Erzincan, 27 June 1998 Adana-Ceyhan, 17 August 1999 Kocaeli, 1 May 2003 Bingöl, 23 October 2011 Van and 24 January 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquakes. At the end of the study, the types of damage occurring in the masonry and RC buildings were given in detail according to years, and the relationship between the changes that occurred in the earthquake codes over time was presented.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.02061084

Olgun Köksal Zeki Karaca

Blasting is used in jobs such as construction, mining, oil and agriculture and forestry in our country and the world. Blast technology is commonly applied to most civil engineering applications such as housing, railways, roads, dams, airports. Although this technology benefits many construction applications, it also causes some negative effects such as ground motion and air shock. This paper only studies blast-induced ground motion. The ground motion acceleration time histories are simulated using the software. The software generates acceleration time histories of blast-induced ground motions using peak acceleration and the time envelope curve function of ground motion acceleration. Moreover, it obtains shock response spectra determined from ground shock time histories. In this study, the influence of blast-induced ground motion on reinforcement retaining walls was investigated. These walls are very often built in Turkey. Therefore, the influence of blast-induced ground motion is important for them. The three-dimensional finite element model of the reinforcement retaining wall was designed. The maximum stresses and displacements of the reinforcement retaining wall were investigated. As a conclusion, when charge weight increases (constant charge center), displacements and Von Misses stresses also increase. Therefore, the blast-induced ground motion must also be taken into account for important structures such as retaining walls, bridges, dams and historic buildings.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.02085092

İlker Bekir Topçu Arda Uzunömeroğlu

Corrosion of reinforced concrete steel is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures all around the world and the biggest problem that civil engineers are facing today. Various methods have been developed to protect the steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete against corrosion. According to recent statistics, the global cost of corrosion is determined to be $2.5 trillion or 3.4 percent of world gross domestic product. New technologies and materials have been developed to delay, decrease or control the corrosion of concrete reinforcement and increase the durability. The most common corrosion prevention technique is the use of inhibitors. Inhibitors are chemicals that added to the concrete in small concentrations that prevent the onset of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures or extend the corrosion start time. The aim of this article is to review the recent developments in corrosion inhibitors used in reinforced concrete structures and their applications in field and laboratory conditions. This research is based on the types of inhibitors, their mechanism of action and their type of application. The main topics are; cathodic, anodic, mixed type inhibitors and their type of field applications. This research also includes: comparison the performance of admixed inhibitors, surface applied (migrating) inhibitors, electrochemical injection of corrosion inhibitors (EICI) and electrochemical chloride ion extraction (ECE) methods of corrosion inhibitors. The use of green (ecological) corrosion inhibitors (non-toxic and non-carcinogenic chemicals) becoming more popular nowadays. Studies with green inhibitors have been widely discussed in this review and we should increase their use in the next few years.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.02093109

Peter Kirruti Ayşe Balkıs

The seismic performance of Concentric Steel Bracing systems in modelled reinforced concrete (RC) frames is investigated. High-rise RC frames were designed and analysed based on Eurocode (EC) guidelines on Reinforced Concrete (EC2), Steel design (EC3) and Seismic design (EC8). Examination was performed in 3 stages: modelling and analysing a 20 story moment resisting frame, followed by 3 uniformly braced frames (both internally and externally) and finally a combined brace frame - whose bracing system was selected from the two best performing uniform systems. Parameters assessed were: story drifts and accelerations, joint displacements and accelerations, base reactions and story stiffness employing Modal Response Analysis. Results obtained pointed to several key achievements. Firstly, that capacity design was possible within set guidelines for high-rise structures. Based on the analysis parameters, absorption and dissipation of lateral forces was observed with increases in joint displacements and accelerations in the Z direction (perpendicular to ground motion). Correlative relationships linking story stiffness with story drift, and Story Stiffness with Joint Displacements and Accelerations were derived from data resulting from the analysis. Combining bracing systems produced marginal performance improvements compared to uniform concentric systems, and base reaction results showed that there was low improvement base shear and moments with the incorporation of braces.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.02110126

Sevgi Lokce Erşan Göksu

Although not the only option, reinforced concrete is the most widely used technique in the world for building structures. Joseph Monier, the owner of an important nursery in Paris deserves the credit for making the first practical use of reinforced concrete in 1867. Throughout the entire period of 1850 -1900, relatively little was published as the engineers working in the reinforced concrete field considered construction and computational methods as trade secrets. One of the first publications that might be classified as a textbook was that French engineer, Armand Considere, in 1899, who had been chief engineer with the Ponts et Chaussees in France. In 1903, with the formation in the United States of a joint committee of representatives of all organizations interested in reinforced concrete, uniform applications of the knowledge to design were initiated. Since then, engineers and especially architects were able to make the preliminary designs called “Preliminary Dimension Estimation” as well as “Reinforcement Estimation” through the “Thump Rule Method” in Reinforced Concrete Structures. By the beginning of new era of prestressed concrete structures, especially in High Rise Buildings the dimension estimations well as reinforcement estimation through Thump Rules of Reinforced Concrete Structure were not be adequate. In this paper, the preliminary design criteria of prestressed concrete structures are discussed in several conceivable aspects. However, while this is the simplest method to check the total estimated dimensions and quantity of prestressing as well mild reinforcement, it is the least accurate and requires considerable experience to break down the measures vs the amounts down to the standard method of measurement requirements. The prestressing of concrete has several advantages as compared to traditional reinforced concrete (RC) without prestressing. A fully prestressed concrete member is usually subjected to compression during service life. This rectifies several deficiencies of concrete as material of construction and prestressing technology. By the beginning of new era of prestressed concrete structures, especially in High Rise Buildings the dimension estimations well as reinforcement estimation throughThump Rules of Reinforced Concrete Structure were not be adequate. In this paper, The preliminary design criteria of prestressed concrete structures are discussed in several conceivable aspects. However, while this is the simplest method to check the total estimated dimensions and quantity of prestressing as well mild reinforcement, it is the least accurate and requires considerable experience to break down the measures vs the amounts down to the standard method of measurement requirements. The prestressing of concrete has several advantages as compared to traditional reinforced concrete (RC) without prestressing. A fully prestressed concrete member is usually subjected to compression during service life. This rectifies several deficiencies of concrete as material of construction and prestressing technology.

https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.02127135